Stabilized hemoglobin solutions

ABSTRACT

A hemoglobin solution packaged in a flexible oxygen-impermeable container system. The container system includes a multi-layer film having at least a product contact layer, an oxygen and moisture barrier layer and an exterior layer. The flexible container system further includes an interface port for filling the flexible container with the hemoglobin solution and delivering the hemoglobin solution. The hemoglobin solution comprises a substantially stroma and tetramer free, cross linked, pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution including preservatives such as ascorbic acid, glycine and dextrose.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/124,941 filled Apr.18, 2002 now abandoned.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to stabilized oxygen carrying solutions. Morespecifically, it relates to a hemoglobin solution packaged in an oxygenand water vapor impermeable flexible container, and to the storage andpreservation of a deoxygenated hemoglobin solution.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There is a consistent need for ready blood products for anever-increasing surgical and trauma load, and to supplement blood bankshortages. Oxygen carrying solutions, such as hemoglobin-derivedsolutions can be used in place of whole blood or red blood cells forpatients having a need for augmented oxygen carrying capacity. Becausethey are not dependent upon donor availability, such solutions can bemade readily available in an emergency situation or during a blood bankshortage. Also, due to risk of infection of blood borne pathogens as aresult of a blood transfusion, a patient may prefer a hemoglobin-derivedsolution for transfusion in place of whole blood or red blood cells. Inparticular, such solutions may include, but are not limited to, oxygencarriers, blood substitutes, and hemoglobin-derived compositions such asthose disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,425, 5,464,814, 5,438,041,5,217,648, 5,194,590, 5,061,688, and 4,826,811, the teachings of whichare incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Active hemoglobin is an oxygen (O₂) transporting protein found in redblood cells. Each hemoglobin molecule is comprised of four proteinchains and four porphyrin molecules known as heme. In the middle of eachheme is an iron atom that is partially oxidized to the (+2) state. Whenoxygen is transported under normal conditions in vivo, oxygen is boundto the heme without a change in valence of the iron ion; the hemoglobinthus becomes oxyhemoglobin. To indicate that this binding occurs withouta change in valence, the reaction is called oxygenation (rather thanoxidation), and the reverse process is deoxygenation. Hemoglobin iscalled deoxyhemoglobin to emphasize its oxygen free state.

Apart from oxygenation of the heme group, further oxidation of the ironatom can occur; the result is conversion of the bivalent iron ion to thetrivalent state (+3). Hemoglobin having an oxidized heme group is knownas methemoglobin. Human blood normally contains only a very smallpercentage of methemoglobin, but the amount can be increased by certaintoxins and in some diseases. Such a condition is dangerous becausemethemoglobin does not transport O₂ to the body tissues.

Because methemoglobin does not transport O₂, the presence ofmethemoglobin in a hemoglobin solution should be avoided. Accordingly,the storage and handling of hemoglobin solutions is a critical part oftheir effectiveness. Storage requirements include the need to maintainthe hemoglobin solutions in an essentially oxygen free environment inorder to prevent the oxidation of hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

A common storage container for a medical solution, such as a hemoglobinsolution, is a flexible container made of plastic polymer film, mostnotably an I.V. bag. Unlike I.V. bags for many other solutions, I.V.bags used specifically for hemoglobin solutions stored in a deoxygenatedstate must also provide a sufficient barrier to the passage of moisturevapor and other gasses to preserve the deoxygenated state of thehemoglobin solution contained therein. Further, the container for ahemoglobin solution should be made from a material that complies withU.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) Class VI classification (physical, chemical andbiocompatibility) and that is non-pyrogenic.

In addition, these bags must meet a number of performance criteria,including collapsibility, optical clarity and transparency, andmechanical strength. Collapsibility is necessary in order to ensureproper and complete delivery or drainage of the bag. In order for thebag to be collapsible, the film from which the bag is made must beflexible. Thus, a key consideration in the design of films used toproduce medical solution bags is that the film must have sufficientflexibility that the resultant medical bag is collapsible enough to befully drainable. The container must be optically clear so that, prior toadministering a medical solution from a bag and into a patient, a visualinspection of the solution contained within the container may beperformed to determine whether the solution has deteriorated or has beencontaminated. Therefore, it is essential that the container meet a levelof optical properties, i.e., a high degree of clarity and transmissionof light.

Typically, hemoglobin solutions cannot be terminally heat sterilized dueto the degradation of the hemoglobin molecule and therefore must beaseptically filled. Thus, for purposes of sterilization, the containersmust be, for example, gamma irradiated or washed in a hydrogen peroxidebath or exposed to an ethylene oxide environment. Therefore, anotherrequirement of medical solution containers is that they must be able toendure the high dosages of gamma irradiation without discoloration ordeterioration due to material degradation via polymer chain scissioning.

Finally, medical solution containers must also have sufficientmechanical strength to withstand the abuse which is typicallyencountered in the administration and handling of the solution. Forexample, in some circumstances, a plastic or rubber bladder is placedaround a medical solution-containing bag and pressurized to, forexample, approximately 300 mm Hg, in order to force the solution out ofthe pouch and into a patient. Such a bladder is commonly referred to asa “pressure-cuff” and is used, for example, when a patient is bleedingprofusely in order to quickly replace lost fluids and restore oxygencarrying capacity or, for example, when resistance in the intravenousfluid path is high (e.g., long lines, small catheter, etc.) such that agreater opposing pressure must be generated in the bag in order tointroduce in a timely fashion the medical solution into the patient.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a packaged hemoglobin solution which is asubstantially oxygen-free, polymerized hemoglobin solution sealed withina flexible container comprising a polymer film having an oxygenpermeability of about 0.05 to about 0.3 cc/m² per 24 hours peratmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about60%. Preferably, the hemoglobin solution is packaged in a polymer filmhaving an oxygen permeability of either (a) about 0.05 to about 0.17cc/m² per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 5° C. and an externalrelative humidity of about 60%, or (b) about 0.15 to about 0.5 cc/m² per24 hours per atmosphere at about 25° C. and an external relativehumidity of about 60%.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the methemoglobin concentrationof the solution is less than about 8.0% for at least one year at about5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%. In otherembodiments, the solution may include an essentially tetramer-free,substantially stroma-free, cross-linked, polymerized, pyridoxylatedhemoglobin.

In still another embodiment the hemoglobin solution contains one or morepreservatives such as ascorbic acid or glycine.

In yet another embodiment, the invention provides a hemoglobin solutionpackaged in a polymer film which has an oxygen barrier layer. The oxygenbarrier layer may include ethylene vinyl alcohol or PVDC.

Still another embodiment of the invention includes a hemoglobin solutionwhich is a substantially oxygen-free, polymerized, pyridoxylatedhemoglobin solution sealed within a flexible polymeric containercomprising an oxygen barrier film having at least one barrier layer formaintaining the methemoglobin concentration of the solution below about8.0% for at least one year at about 5° C.

The invention further provides for a method of preparing a deoxygenatedhemoglobin solution that includes sealing a polymerized hemoglobinsolution within a flexible container of a polymer film having an oxygenpermeability of about 0.15 to about 0.5 cc/m² per 24 hours peratmosphere at about 25° C. and an external relative humidity of about60%. The hemoglobin solution contains at least one oxygen scavengercapable of reducing O₂.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Specific embodiments of the invention are described with reference tothe following drawings, wherein:

FIGS. 1A and 1B are plan views illustrating preferred embodiments of theflexible container system for an aqueous material in accordance with thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a perspective view of the flexiblecontainer system in accordance with the preferred embodiment of thepresent invention as illustrated in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view looking at the top of the fill and/ordelivery port taken along line 3—3 of FIG. 1A in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a longitudinal cross-section view taken along line 4—4 of FIG.2 of the fill and/or delivery port in accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view looking upwardly at the bottom of the filland/or delivery port in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of the method of fabrication of the flexiblecontainer system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 7 is a side view of the assembly process for manufacturing theflexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention; and

FIG. 8 is a top view of the assembly process for manufacturing theflexible container system in accordance with a preferred embodiment ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention provides a stabilized deoxygenated hemoglobinsolution packaged in an oxygen impermeable container. Preferably, thehemoglobin solution is an acellular red blood cell substitute comprisingan essentially tetramer-free, cross-linked, polymerized, pyridoxylatedhemoglobin solution which is substantially free of stroma and othercontaminants.

For purposes of this invention, the term cross-linked means the chemicalemplacement of molecular “bridges” onto or into a hemoglobin molecule,or between molecules, with the purpose of altering the shape, size,function or physical characteristics of the molecule. Tetramer refers tohemoglobin molecules having a molecular weight of about 64 kD; that is,the term refers to both native and intramolecularly cross-linkedhemoglobin molecules. The term essentially tetramer-free denotes thelevel of purity with respect to tetramer contamination at which certainbiological responses to tetramer administered into a mammal are nolonger of clinical concern. Preferably, the solution contains no morethan about 2.0% free tetramer as measured by standard HPLC methods,based on the weight of total hemoglobin. Particularly preferred productscontain less than about 1.0% free tetramer.

Preferably, the hemoglobin solution of the present invention is apolymerized, hemoglobin solution essentially free of tetramerichemoglobin and various contaminants, is physiologically acceptable aswell as therapeutically and clinically useful. The product hasreversible oxygen binding capacity which is necessary for oxygentransport properties. Most notably, the product demonstrates good oxygenloading and unloading characteristics in usage which correlates tohaving an oxygen-hemoglobin affinity (P₅₀) similar to whole blood. Theproduct shows a high affinity for binding oxygen in the capillariesthrough the lungs and then adequately releases oxygen to the tissues inthe body. The product also does not require compatibility studies priorto use with the recipient. An example of the preparation of such ahemoglobin solution is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,498,141, thedisclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The packaged hemoglobin solution of the present invention issubstantially oxygen free throughout the shelf life of the solution.While it is most preferred that the hemoglobin solution containabsolutely no oxygen, it is expected that a small amount of oxygen willbe present in the solution, such as oxygen introduced into the solutionas part of the manufacturing or packaging processes. Further, it isexpected that, under normal storage conditions, oxygen will penetratethe flexible package containing the hemoglobin solution. Accordingly,the hemoglobin solution is substantially oxygen free when the amount ofoxygen introduced into the solution does not effect the clinicalusefulness of the solution.

One measurement of oxygenation of the packaged hemoglobin solution isthe oxyhemoglobin concentration expressed as the percentage of the totalhemoglobin that is bound with oxygen. In the substantially oxygen freesolution, oxyhemoglobin concentration is less about 15% duringproduction and packaging. The clinical usefulness of the hemoglobinsolution is compromised when oxygen present in solution causes theoxidation of the hemoglobin in the solution to methemoglobin such thatthe methemoglobin concentration exceeds about 8% expressed as thepercentage of total hemoglobin that has been oxidized. It is preferredthat the concentration of methemoglobin in solution is less than about8%, more preferably less than about 5.0%.

The invention provides for several methods of preventing the oxygenationof the hemoglobin solution. First, the container for the hemoglobinsolution may be a substantially oxygen-impermeable package such as amulti-layer polymeric film which allows for the transparency,flexibility and strength required of containers for medical solutions.Also, the solution may contain one or more preservatives which reduce orconsume O₂ in the solution, thereby preventing O₂ from oxidizing thehemoglobin. Further, the solution should be packaged under an inert gasor in a manner that maintains the atmospheric oxygen in the “head space”in the container to less than about 2 cc of residual O₂ per package.

A polymer film is substantially oxygen impermeable when the clinicalusefulness of a hemoglobin solution, packaged in a container comprisingthe polymer film, is not diminished due to oxygen penetrating the filmover the shelf life of the product under the appropriate storageconditions. Typically, the oxygen permeability of the polymer film willdepend upon the type of materials used, the thickness of the materialsand storage conditions (lower storage temperatures yield lower O₂permeability). With regard to any one particular material, thickermaterials are generally less flexible and less transparent than thinnermaterials. It has been found that the desired flexibility andtransparency of the polymeric film may be achieved with a film having anoxygen permeability of 0.05 to about 0.30 cc/m² per 24 hours peratmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about60%. This same container will have an oxygen permeability of about 0.15to about 0.5 cc/m² per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 25° C. and anexternal relative humidity of about 60%.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating preferred embodiments of theflexible container system 10, 50. The flexible container system includesthe flexible container or bag 12, 52 and the fill/delivery interface orport 14, 54. The flexible container includes a multi-layer film 16,which is suitable for forming a flexible pouch. The requirements for aparticular embodiment of the flexible container system are described inTable 1. The values provided in Table 1 are for a container systemhaving a shelf life of a minimum of one year and stored within atemperature range of approximately 2–8° C.

TABLE 1 Parameter Requirement Conditions O₂ Transmission Rate Not MoreThan (NMT) 0.17 cc 5° C., 60% relative humidity (O₂TR) O₂/m² - 24hours-atm (RH), atm and/or NMT 0.50 cc O₂/m²-24 25° C., 60% RH, atmhours-atm Water Vapor Transmission NMT 1.19 g/m² - 24 hours- 5° C., 60%RH, atm Rate (WVTR) atm Residual O₂ Content NMT 2 cc/containerParticulate NMT 3.0/ml 10 μm When filled at nominal NMT 0.2/ml 25 μmvolumes and tested per USP particulate test Seal Strength - Burst TestNot Less Than (NLT) 30 psig Restrained, 1 inch gap (Restrained)Sterility SAL of 10⁻⁶ Gamma irradiation - 25–35 kGy Pyrogenicity NMT0.125 EU/ml Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Procedure Container ClosureIntegrity 10 psig Compliant with PDA Test Technical Report No. 27, April1998.

While the flexible container should not require a secondary barrier foruse as an oxygen and moisture barrier because the transmission ratesthrough the primary multi-layer film are low enough to eliminate theneed for a secondary barrier-type over wrap, a sealed transparent,protective secondary overwrap, or a hard clam shell type container, ispreferred in order to minimize particulate accumulation on the containeror primary packaging. In addition, the overwrap can house detailed labelinstructions and minimize the likelihood of physical damage caused byhandling or tampering. The overwrap may be made from materials such as,but not limited to, polyethylene and polypropylene, or hardshell-typestandard plastic materials such as high impact polystyrene, a metaloxide coated polyolefin (PE or PP), or BAREX® resins (BP Chemicals,Naperville, Ill.).

In addition to maintaining the hemoglobin solution in an oxygenimpermeable package to preserve the solution, various additives may beused to prevent oxygenation and methemoglobin formation, and to maintainpolymer stability. Stability of the polymer may be determined bymeasuring the extent of tetramer elaboration and the molecular weightdistribution of hemoglobin polymers in the solution. It is expected thatthe solution will contain a minimum amount of tetramer followingformulation. It is further expected that tetramer elaboration may occurover time during storage of the solution due to the breakdown of thepolymer. The desired concentration of the 64 kD hemoglobin tetramer isdetermined by the volume of dosage and rate of infusion. In the presentinvention where it is desired to have a solution allowing for a highrate of infusion, the concentration of the 64 kD hemoglobin tetramerover the shelf life of the product is preferably less than about 2.0%,more preferably less than about 1.0%. Also, The preferred distributionof hemoglobin polymers is: 256 kD 49–74%; 192 kD 16–28%, 128 kD 9–23% asmeasured by HPLC.

It has been found that ascorbic acid has a significant stabilizingeffect in terms minimizing hemoglobin conversion to oxyhemoglobin andmethemoglobin. Ascorbic acid is a reducing agent that functionsprimarily as an electron carrier. In the hemoglobin solution, theascorbic acid reduces O₂ present in the solution thereby preventing theO₂ from oxidizing the hemoglobin. It is expected that, throughout theshelf life of the hemoglobin solution, the ascorbic acid will beconsumed as it reduces oxygen initially present in the solution andfurther reduces the oxygen that permeates the container. Accordingly, itis preferable that the amount of ascorbic acid added to the hemoglobinsolution is sufficient to maintain the ascorbic acid concentration aboveabout 0.2 g/L (as a factor of safety) over the shelf life of theproduct. Therefore, while concentrations of ascorbic acid as low asabout 0.1 have been found to have the desired benefit of loweringmethemoglobin concentrations in the solution, it is preferred that theinitial concentration of ascorbic acid in the solution is in the rangeof about 0.25 to 1.0 g/L, preferably about 0.8 g/L to ensure a usefulconcentration of ascorbic acid remains in the solution over the shelflife of the product.

Glycine (C₂H₅NO₂) and dextrose are other preservatives that may be addedto the hemoglobin solution to ensure the clinical usefulness of thesolution. Glycine has been shown to have a significant stabilizingeffect with regard to methemoglobin formation and glycine can effecthigh molecular weight polymer aggregation. Preferably, the concentrationof glycine in the hemoglobin solution is in the range of 1–5 g/L. Morepreferably, the glycine concentration is about 3.5 g/L. Dextrose hasbeen shown to have a stabilizing effect in regards to methemoglobinformation. In addition, the combination of glycine and dextrose has beenshown to reduce tetramer elaboration.

The values and ranges used to describe the invention are desirable toattain the goals of the invention. However, it should be understood thatsmall variations from these ranges may not substantially affect theperformance of the hemoglobin solution. Therefore, the inventionprovides for a packaged hemoglobin solution having the describedcharacteristics and the solution may vary from those characteristics tothe extent that the clinical usefulness of the packaged hemoglobinsolution in not compromised.

The flexible container fits in the standard equipment in an operating oremergency room such as, for example, a pressure infuser and/or warmer.Either manual “pressure cuffs” or automated infusers, such as a pressureinfusion system H25 supplied by Level 1 Inc. (Rockland, Mass.) may beutilized. Medical solution containers need to have sufficient durabilityto remain leak-free during such procedures. Infusion of hemoglobinsolutions may need to be performed as rapidly as possible in order toresuscitate patients in low blood flow states with dangerously lowhemoglobin levels. For example, in certain medical applications infusionrates as high as approximately 350 ml/minute may be necessary in orderto sustain life. Actual infusion rates are limited by, for example, therestricted orifice of a standard 18 gauge infusion needle, patientconsiderations, and tetramer levels of the solution. Average infusionrates shown in Table 2 correspond to an acellular hemoglobin solution,for example, POLYHEME® supplied in an I.V. bag for in-vivo intravenous(IV) infusion (Northfield Laboratories, Inc., Evanston, Ill.). The highinfusion rates associated with this product are allowable because the 64kD hemoglobin tetramer level of the solution is less than about 2%. Theclinical administration of POLYHEME® may range from gravity-dripinfusion to high-pressure driven rapid infusors.

TABLE 2 Volume/Unit Time Interval Rate Units (mL) (min) (mL/min) 1 500190 2.6 6 500 35 85.7 10 500 23 217.4 18 500 72 125.0 10 500 180 27.8

The polymeric film for packaging the hemoglobin solution is athermoplastic material, generally in sheet or web form, having one ormore layers of polymeric materials which may be bonded together by anysuitable means well known in the art. The terms “polymer,” “polymeric,”and the like, unless specifically defined, generally includehomopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, and blends and modificationsthereof.

As used herein, the term “olefin” refers to any one of a class ofmonounsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbons of the general formulaC_(n)H_(2n), such as ethylene, propylene, and butene. The term may alsoinclude aliphatics containing more than one double bond in the moleculesuch as a diolefin or diene, e.g., butadiene.

“Polyolefin” refers to olefin polymers and copolymers, especiallyethylene and propylene polymers and copolymers, and to polymericmaterials having at least one olefinic comonomer, such as ethylene vinylacetate copolymer and ionomer. Polyolefins can be linear, branched,cyclic, aliphatic, aromatic, substituted, or unsubstituted. Included inthe term polyolefin are homopolymers of olefin, copolymers of olefin,copolymers of an olefin and a non-olefinic comonomer copolymerizablewith the olefin, such as vinyl monomers, modified polymers of theforegoing, and the like. Modified polyolefins include modified polymersprepared by copolymerizing the homopolymer of the olefin or copolymerthereof with an unsaturated carboxylic acid, e.g., maleic acid, fumaricacid or the like, or a derivative thereof such as the anhydride, estermetal salt or the like. It could also be obtained by incorporating intothe olefin homopolymer or copolymer, an unsaturated carboxylic acid,e.g., maleic acid, fumaric acid or the like, or a derivative thereofsuch as the anhydride, ester metal salt or the like.

The term “ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer” means copolymers of ethylenewith one or more comonomers selected from C₃ to C₂₀ alpha-olefins, suchas 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, methyl pentene and the like,in which the polymer molecules comprise long chains with relatively fewside chain branches. These polymers are obtained by low pressurepolymerization processes and the side branching which is present will beshort compared to non-linear polyethylenes (e.g., LDPE, a low densitypolyethylene homopolymer). Ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers generallyhave a density in the rage of from about 0.86 g/cc to about 0.94 g/cc.The term linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) is generally understoodto include that group of ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers which fallinto the density range of about 0.915 to about 0.94 g/cc. Sometimeslinear polyethylene in the density range from about 0.926 to about 0.94is referred to as linear medium density polyethylene (LMDPE). Lowerdensity ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers may be referred to as very lowdensity polyethylene (VLDPE, typically used to refer to theethylene/butene copolymers with a density ranging from about 0.88 toabout 0.91 g/cc) and ultra-low density polyethylene (ULDPE, typicallyused to refer to the ethylene/octene copolymers).

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a hemoglobin solutionpackaged in a multi-layer film including an interior or product contactlayer, which is inert and non-reactive with the solution contained inthe flexible container. In addition, the interior layer is tacky enoughfor the contact surfaces to self-adhere to each other in order tominimize particulate contact and facilitate handling during thecontainer manufacturing process. Further the inner layer protects theoxygen barrier layer from water vapor arising from the solution.

The preferred multi-layer film further includes an oxygen barrier layer.Further, the multi-layer film includes an exterior layer that protectsthe barrier layer from heat and humidity. As such, the exterior or outerlayer protects the barrier layers from high welding temperatures duringthe bag making process as well as provides durability, printability andscuff resistance. Therefore, the barrier layer typically does not seetemperatures above its melting point during the welding process in orderto maintain the integrity of the film. The product contact layer meltsonly to the point which is required to self adhere. Thus, thetemperature which the outer layer must withstand is dependent on theentire film structure and thicknesses and must be high enough to allowfor adhesion between the interior two contact layers. The changes intemperature will vary depending on the number and types of layers in thefilm. Further, the melting temperatures of the contact layers areexceeded only for a short period of time to ensure the integrity of thebag weld as the contact layers have a lower melting temperature than thebarrier and outside layers.

In one embodiment, the multi-layer film includes the following layers,in the following order, (1) a product contact layer made from anethylene/propylene copolymer (EPC, PP/PE blend), (2) a tie layercomprising an EVA blend, (3) a layer of linear low density polyethylene(LLDPE), (4) another tie layer, (5) an oxygen barrier layer of EVOH, (6)another tie layer, (7) a layer of LLDPE, (8) another tie layer, and (9)an exterior or outside layer of polyester (PET).

In another embodiment, the multi-layer film comprises a linearlow-density, polyethylene (product contact layer), a tie layer such asethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), an EVOH layer (primary barrier layer), andan EVA layer (outside layer).

In another preferred embodiment, the multi-layer film includes thefollowing layers in the following order: (1) an EVA product contactlayer, (2) an EVA tie layer (preferably a different blend of EVA fromthe product contact layer), (3) a barrier layer made of polyvinylidenechloride-ethylene vinyl acetate (PVDC-EVA) composite, (4) an EVA tielayer, and (5) an outside layer of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). Thesecond through the fifth layers are co-extruded. The first layer islaminated onto the second through fifth layers to form the multi-layerfilm.

Polymer films of this nature are available, for example, from Cryovac,Inc. (Duncan, S.C.), Stedim (Stedim, Aubange, France), and Solvay-Draka,Inc. (Commerce, Calif.).

In a particular embodiment of the packaged hemoglobin solution, themulti-layer film is co-extruded in a flat configuration or in analternate embodiment it is co-extruded in a tubular film configuration.Where necessary, the exterior layer may also provide restraint of theinterior layers to minimize curling of the outer edge of the co-extrudedfilm during the bag manufacturing process. For example, in oneparticular embodiment, a nylon layer is laminated on the outer layer toprovide a level of restraint.

Importantly, the film composite does not degrade physically or opticallywith the gamma irradiation required to meet sterility requirements ofthe packaged hemoglobin solution of the present invention. To ensurethat the container is sterilized, it, in certain embodiments, is gammairradiated or washed in a hydrogen peroxide or ethylene oxide bath.There is a benefit to gamma irradiation because it penetrates andsterilizes the entire film structure as well as eliminates any microbialbioburden on the interior layer of the flat film. Therefore, thepreferred method of sterilization is typically gamma irradiation forthis type of container in a range from approximately 25 kGy to 35 kGy.To ensure sterility, the medical containers are placed in a cardboardbox and positioned on a pallet. In a preferred embodiment, dosimetersare used to monitor dose/sensitivity (parametric release). Anothermethod of ensuring sterility includes strategically locating severalvials of biological indicators on the pallet. If, when opened aftersterilization and mixed with a trypcase-soy broth and no growth isrecognized after incubation, the containers are certified as sterile andready for aseptic fill of the blood substitute. This helps to ensurethat the medical solution that cannot be terminally sterilized, aspackaged in the medical solution containers, will be substantially freefrom microbial contamination. In a preferred embodiment, the packagingis improved by gamma-irradiation-induced-crosslinking (curing orvulcanizing) of the packaging film layers. Materials capable ofcrosslinking by gamma irradiation include polyethylene, ethylenecopolymers, polyamides, polyesters and ethylene vinyl acetate. In oneaspect of the invention, the various layers of the film are cross-linkedwithin and between the layers. The film multi-layer is durable enoughwhen manufactured into a container and filled with aqueous solution towithstand storage at low temperatures such as, for example, from about 2to 8° C., and drops from a height of approximately 2 meters.

As can be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in this art, thepackaged hemoglobin solutions of the present invention are not limitedto containers with the layer structure described herein. Films having afewer number of layers or a greater number of layers than that shown areincluded within the scope of the present invention. For example,additional layers, such as high density polyethylene, may be included inthe film in order to increase the moisture barrier capabilities of thefilm if desired. Additional oxygen barrier layers may also be includedif desired.

Multilayer films in accordance with the present invention are preferablycross-linked. Cross-linking increases the structural strength of thefilm at elevated temperatures and/or increases the force at which thematerial can be stretched before tearing apart, and may also improve theoptical properties of the film. Any conventional cross-linking techniquemay be used. For example, electronic cross-linking may be carried out byirradiation.

In another embodiment, a method of the invention relates to a preserveddeoxygenated hemoglobin solution that includes a deoxygenated hemoglobinsolution and an oxygen barrier film primary package. In one embodiment,the oxygen barrier film primary package includes a transparent polymerfilm. The primary package has an oxygen permeability of less than about0.17 cc O₂ per 1 square meter per 24 hours at atmosphere atapproximately 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about 60%,within which the deoxygenated hemoglobin solution is sealed, therebypreserving the deoxygenated hemoglobin solution in an environment thatis substantially free of oxygen. In another embodiment, the polymer filmis a laminate-comprising a polyamide, for example, nylon, for theexterior layer.

The oxygen barrier film comprises suitable oxygen barrier materials suchthat the material has suitable oxygen barrier properties at 25° C. andambient humidity, for example 60% relative humidity. In one preferredembodiment of the invention, the oxygen barrier material comprises atransparent polymer film having one or more layers. In a more particularembodiment, the film comprises a laminate of an outer polyolefin layer(such as polyethylene or polypropylene), an oxygen barrier layer and aninner polyolefin layer, wherein the inner layer is in contact with thecontents of the package. The polyolefin's of the present invention cancomprise copolymers of two or more monomers, wherein the monomers canbe, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, or polybutylenes. Inanother embodiment, other monomers such as ethylene vinyl acetate can beincluded in the copolymer. Depending upon the type of oxygen barrierlayer, the laminate can optionally include a support layer. While notwishing to be bound by theory, the support layer facilitates theproduction of bags using an automated device. In a preferred embodiment,the support layer is a biaxially oriented material such as nylon.

In one embodiment, the outer polyolefin layer and the oxygen barrierlayer are co-extruded. In a preferred embodiment, the outer polyolefinlayer is medium density polyethylene and the oxygen barrier is ethylenevinyl alcohol.

In another embodiment of the invention, the oxygen barrier filmcomprises a co-extruded medium density polyethylene/ethylene vinylalcohol layer (EVOH); a nylon layer; and a low-density polyethylenelayer. Due to the brittleness of EVOH at low temperatures, the fillvolume of the container system is adjusted with respect to the totalvolume of the container to optimize durability of the container duringthe standard drop test. In particular embodiments the ratio of the fillvolume to the total volume of the container ranges from approximatelyseventy to seventy five percent (70–75%) fill volume for a one (1) litercontainer and eighty percent (80%) for a one-half (½) liter container.In a preferred embodiment, the ends of the container are rounded toclosely simulate a circular continuous weld to avoid concentration ofstresses in the container. Further, the EVOH barrier can be adjustedsuch as, for example, by controlling the thickness of the barrier tomodify the oxygen transmission rates. In one aspect of the invention theEVOH barrier is about 20 micron thick.

As further described in Example 2 below, in another embodiment of thepresent invention, the oxygen barrier film comprises a PVDC structurewhich is laminated to an extruded EVA contact layer to generate afive-layer film (EVA tie layers and a low density polyethylene outsidelayer).

The inner and outer polyolefin layers may be vapor barriers protectingthe humidity sensitive EVOH layer. The vapor barrier properties ofeither layer can be increased by increasing the thickness orcrystallinity of the layer. Other suitable outer layers include, forexample, linear low-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene,high-density polyethylene, EVA or polyesters.

In another particular embodiment of the present invention, the oxygenbarrier layer comprises an essentially oxygen-impermeable polymer,comprising a support material having a coating. In one embodiment, thesupport material can be, for example polyester or polyamide (such asnylon) and the coating can be, for example, silicon oxide (SiO_(x)) orother material, such as a metal oxide, that can be deposited onto thesupport to render it oxygen impermeable. In all embodiments, the oxygenbarrier thickness can be adjusted to improve barrier characteristics.

In all embodiments, the exterior layer should be capable of addingdurability such as, for example, puncture resistance to the containerand provide the option for printing such as, for example, hot stamping alabel on the container.

In a preferred embodiment, an overwrap is employed. As described above,the overwrap can be manufactured from a suitable material, such aspolymer films, for example, polyester, polyethylene, or nylon, or alaminate, such as a foil laminate, for example, a silver or aluminumfoil laminate. The overwrap may also be a rigid clam-shell typecontainer such as those manufactured from by Alloyd Company (Dekalb,Ill.). The overwrap protects the container from damage caused bymishandling or tampering. It also provides protection againstparticulates and may function as a label sleeve for the primarycontainer.

The primary package and the overwrap, if present, can be manufacturedusing a variety of configurations, including, but not limited to, vials,cylinders, and boxes. In a preferred embodiment, the primary package isin the form of a bag. A suitable bag can be formed by, for example,continuously bonding two sheets at the perimeters thereof to form atightly closed, oxygen impermeable, construction having a fillablecenter. Where linear low, medium or high-density polyethylene is used asthe inner layer of the material, the sheets can be sealed by heatingunder the appropriate conditions. It is well known in the art thatpolyethylene can be sealed against itself with heat under theappropriate conditions. It is well known in the art that parameters canbe varied to obtain proper bonding of polyolefin surfaces of film, theseparameters include temperature, pressure and time, wherein time is theduration of time the sheets are put under pressure and temperature.Typically, linear low-density polyethylene requires less heat andprogressively higher density polypropylene requires progressively moreheat. In addition, higher density polyolefin's typically tolerate higherpressure during the welding process. In general, if the pressure isexcessive, for example, greater than 5 bar pressure, the heated materialmay be forced away from the area of contact, creating a weaker seal.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a perspective view 100 of the flexiblecontainer system as illustrated in FIG. 1A in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention. The ends 102, 104, 106,108 of the container 110 are rounded to closely simulate a circularcontinuous weld to avoid concentration of stresses in the container.Further, in a particular embodiment, the headspace 112 in the containeris minimized to reduce the residual oxygen content. In a particularembodiment, the residual oxygen content is less than approximatelytwo-cubic centimeters (2 cc). FIG. 5 is a perspective view lookingupwardly at the bottom of the fill and/or delivery port 190 inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

The flexible container system includes an interface port for filling theflexible container with aqueous material and delivering the aqueousmaterial. The interface ports are integral with the multi-film of thecontainer system and in preferred embodiments are injection-molded. Theinterface ports can have a multitude of configurations such as, but notlimited to, boat shaped ports (boat port), hard ports that simulateports on a bottle, and saddle or face ports. A preferred embodiment ofthe invention has a boat port.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view looking at thetop of the fill and/or delivery port 150 taken along the line 3—3 ofFIG. 1A in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a longitudinalcross-sectional view taken along line 4—4 of FIG. 2 of the fill and/ordelivery port 180 in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention. FIG. 5 is a perspective view looking upwardly at thebottom of the fill and/or delivery port 190 in accordance with apreferred embodiment of the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment, the diameter of the interface port isapproximately 0.210±0.05 inches below an administration side membranewith, but not limited to, a range of 0.5 to 5 degrees draft or degreesof deflection. This diameter is compatible with the standard spike portsmentioned herein. A draft above the administration side membranefacilitates the gripping of the spike. The membrane thickness isapproximately 0.02 inches at the spike. This dimension allows for easein spiking. In addition, with materials such as the Ferro RxLoypolyolefin polymer resin, the membrane is compressible which facilitatesthe boat ports compatibility with all standard spikes. When the bag isunder pressure during administration of the product, the boat portdeforms to apply pressure to the spike, which eliminates the risk of thespike being expelled under pressures as high as approximately 1000 mm ofHg. In other embodiments, less elastic materials than the Ferro resinmay require this membrane to be thinner to allow for ease in spiking.

In a preferred embodiment, the depth of the base 184 is in range of 8 mmto 12 mm. This provides for ease in automated insertion into film as itprovides for tolerance. The depth from the top of the base 184 to thebottom of twist 182 is 0.65 inches. This eliminates the risk ofpuncturing the bag with the spike i.e., the tip of the spike terminatesin the base of the boat port. In a particular embodiment, the width ofbase is approximately 0.32 inches. This width is optimized for all otherdimensions including wall thickness of boat port stiffeners andadministrative/fill diameters on base when using a boat port. Thisdimension is also important for minimizing residual oxygen in thecontainer. In a particular embodiment, the tear area under theadministration twist 182 is approximately=0.01 inches±0.001 inches. Thisdimension optimizes shear stress required using above referenced FerroRxLoy material to remove the cap prior to spiking for infusion whichcomplies with ergonomic requirements optimized for emergency room staffto remove the cap. In other embodiments using less elastic materials,the dimension of the tear area may be reduced to approximately 0.005inches±0.001 inches to allow for the twist removal of cap. The top ofthe administration port is preferably sealed to minimize potential forparticulate and microbial contamination during storage or subsequent usein the emergency or operation room. Further, in a particular embodiment,the fill tube inside diameter is approximately 0.2 inches and thus iscompatible with most standard filling needles. In addition, stiffenersmay be included in the interface port to minimize level of sink andmaximize the backing strength during a manufacturing process such as,for example, welding.

The inner diameter of the administration port is determined to optimizeinterfacing with or “gripping” of all potential spikes used in a medicalenvironment. It utilizes the compressibility of the spike membrane forfitting all spike diameter variability. The administration port twist182 is used to protect the spike membrane from both particulates andunintended spiking and is optimized for ease of removal and disposal inan operating room. The height of the administration port is designed toallow penetration of the membrane with the spike, but avoids scraping ofthe film i.e., the spike opening penetrates the membrane layer. The filltube 186 of the administration port 180 has a length and wall thicknessoptimized to fit existing filling machine needles. The diameter of theadministration or delivery side 188 of the interface port is compatiblewith commonly used spikes including, but not limited to, IVACAdministration Set—28034 E, Level 1 spike, D-50 or D-100, and standardspikes provided by Baxter, Fenwal, and Travenol spike sets. Preferablythe elasticity of the interface port material is that similar to of theFerro RxLoy polyolefin polymer resin or equivalents thereof whichoptimizes conformity to common spikes. The resin is compatible with theproduct contact layer of the film. A particular embodiment includes onlyone administration port as venting is not required and only singlespiking is acceptable. In a preferred embodiment, the length of the filltube 186 may be cut down to match an administration port height in thefuture for an automated fill machine.

The width of the interface port such as, for example, a boat port in aparticular embodiment and the opening of the film are criticalparameters to minimize the amount of atmosphere allowed into thecontainer during filling. Preferably residual O₂ in the contaner is 2 ccor less. The base of the boat port depth is designed for ease inautomated placement in flat or tubular film. The stiffener design at thebase of the boat port is optimized for mold fill and to eliminate sinki.e., maintains consistency of piece thickness for uniform cooling. Theflash at both ends of the base is utilized for welding surface to film.The interface ports are optimized for ease in mold removal to avoidsticking to the injection-molded tool. In one embodiment, the overalldual-tube boat port assembly is designed as a one-piece injection-moldedfilling/administering port assembly and is easily welded into thecontainer by heat, thus not requiring the use of adhesives.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating the method of manufacturing and/orassembling the flexible container system in accordance with a preferredembodiment of the present invention. The automated method 200 ofmanufacturing the flexible container system includes procedure 202 offeeding the film into the manufacturing apparatus. In a preferredembodiment, the automatic film feeding is accomplished by a reelingframe. The step-wise and even feed motion is realized by an electricmotor drive. The film is maintained in tension by utilizing compensatingrollers and then stepwise feeding to the operation subsystems. The nextprocedure 204 in the process is the printing station subsystem. Ahot-foil printing device is used to accomplish a full-face print. In apreferred embodiment, print temperature, time, pressure and tolerancesare adjustable parameters. An automatic print foil controller ensuresthat the machine alarms and stops, if the foil is at the end or tornoff. A second hot-foil printing device can be installed if necessary. Atprocedure 206, a film opener and port feeding subsystem is present. Bymeans of a machined knife the film layers are separated within theheadspace in order to form an opening. In a particular embodiment,interface or fill/delivery ports are automatically fed through apreloaded, spring-loaded cartridge onto a linear transport system, whichloads the dual-tube boat ports into the machine in a linear manner. Theyare put into port receptacles manually or on a feeding chain, whichpositions the ports in between the opened film layers. The entire areacomprising the insertion of the dual-tube boat port is contained under aunidirectional flow hood to minimize the presence of particles entrainedin the final container.

A port pre-heating subsystem is the next procedure 208 in the method200. In a particular embodiment, port pre-heating is accomplished by acontact heating system. This subsystem incorporates a weldingtemperature controller to control the minimum and maximum temperature,which alarms and stops the machine if the temperature is not within thespecific tolerance.

In procedure 210, a bag out-line, port tack welding, and outline cuttingsubsystem is the next process accomplished. In this subsystem the bagoutline is welded, the interface port is tack-welded and the bag outlineis cut. The sealing operation is accomplished by movable welding dies inconnection with the thermal welding device. Welding time, pressure andtemperature include some of the parameters that are adjustable andtherefore are controlled and recorded. This subsystem incorporates aminimum, and/or maximum welding temperature control, which stops themachine if the temperature gets out of the allowed range. A port weldingsubsystem is the next process procedure 212. Port welding isaccomplished by a contact heat-sealing system in a particularembodiment. This subsystem also incorporates a minimum and/or maximumwelding temperature control, which stops the machine if the temperaturegets out of the allowed range. At the port cooling system per procedure214, the port welds are air-cooled.

The following Table 3 provides exemplary ranges to optimize weld,pressure and residence time settings for pouch weldings, port weldingand label printing for an exemplary film. The top and bottom dies arecontrolled separately.

TABLE 3 Ethylene - propylene co-polymer resin Port material min. max.Printing station Temperature 160° C. 155° C. 165° C. printing stationPrinting time 0.5 sec. 0.5 sec. 0.5 sec. Pneumatic pressure 2.5 bar 2.0bar 3.0 bar Contour welding and welding temperature 136° C. 131° C. 141°C. separation station Welding time 2.7 sec 2.7 sec 2.7 sec Pneumaticpressure 3.5 bar 3.0 bar 4.0 bar Pre heating station Temperature port150° C. 145° C. 155° C. preheating time preheating 4.0 sec 4.0 sec 4.0sec Port welding 1 temp. welding 1 top 150° C. 145° C. 155° C. temp.welding 150° C. 145° C. 155° C. 1 bottom Welding time 2.5 sec 2.5 sec2.5 sec Pressure 6.0 Bar 5.0 Bar 7.0 Bar Port welding 2 temp. welding 2top 30° C. 25° C. 35° C. temp. welding 30° C. 25° C. 35° C. 2 bottomWelding time 1.5 sec 1.5 sec 1.5 sec Pressure 6.0 Bar 5.0 Bar 7.0 Bar

At the scrap material removal system per procedure 216, the scrapmaterial of the finished bags is automatically removed by a gripper. Thefinished bags are placed onto a belt conveyor at the outfeed subsystemper procedure 218.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are side and top views, respectively illustrating theassembly process 250 for manufacturing the flexible container system inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. Theassembly process 250 includes different subsystems and stations ofmachines to accomplish the method 200 to manufacture the containersystem described with respect to FIG. 6. The film is fed and theprinting of the film occurs at printing station 254 or alternatively atstation 256. The film is then transferred using station 252 to the filmopener and port feeding station 258. The process then moves to thepre-heating station 260. The assembly process 250 then moves to the bagoutline, welding and shearing station 262. The next station encounteredin the process is the port welding station 264 followed by the portcooling station 266. The assembly process then moves to the removal ofresidual material station 268. The container system is obtained at theoutfeed belt 270.

In a preferred embodiment, the blood substitute is packaged under anatmosphere, which is substantially free of oxygen. Examples of suitableatmospheres include nitrogen, argon and helium. In a further preferredembodiment, the film forms the flexible container system with a boatport interface. In another preferred embodiment, the film forms theflexible container system and includes standard medical tubing connectedthereto by way of medical adhesives.

EXAMPLES Example 1

A multi-layer film was tested for oxygen permeability when used as aprimary package for the hemoglobin solution of the present invention.The multi-layer film includes the following layers, in the followingorder, (1) a product contact layer made from an ethylene/propylenecopolymer (EPC, PP/PE blend), (2) a tie layer comprising an EVA blend,(3) a layer of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), (4) another tielayer, (5) an oxygen barrier layer of EVOH, (6) another tie layer, (7) alayer of LLDPE, (8) another tie layer, and (9) an exterior or outsidelayer of polyester (PET).

Partially formulated lots of the stroma free, polymerized, pyridoxylatedhemoglobin solution were essentially prepared as described in U.S. Pat.No. 6,498,141. The solution was packaged in 0.5L bags fabricated fromthe multi-layer film described in this Example. The units were tested at3 months intervals for 18 months at 2–80° C. (Table 4), or for 9 monthsat 23–280° C. (Table 5), to determine total hemoglobin (g/dL), percentoxyhemoglobin (% O₂) and percent methemoglobin (% MetHb). Samples werediluted, and brought to constant temperature prior to measurement. Totalhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin were determined using a IL482 CO-Oximeter, Instrumentation Laboratories Inc, according to thedirection of the manufacturer.

TABLE 4 2–8° C. Data Time Lot THb (g/dL) % O₂Hb % MetHb  0 Time CF90310.1 2.6 2.6 CF905 10.0 2.6 2.0 CF906 10.0 3.8 4.2  3 mo. CF903 10.1 2.81.6 CF905 10.2 3.7 1.5 CF906 10.0 3.2 1.8  6 mo. CF903 10.1 3.6 1.5CF905 10.0 3.8 1.4 CF906 10.0 3.3 1.6  9 mo. CF903 10.1 3.7 1.7 CF90510.3 3.2 1.2 CF906 10.0 3.3 2.0 12 mo. CF903 10.2 3.3 1.7 CF905 10.3 4.31.4 CF906 10.1 3.4 1.5 15 mo. CF903 10.2 3.3 2.1 CF905 10.2 3.6 1.5CF906 10.0 3.9 1.8 18 mo. CF903 10.2 4.3 2.2 CF905 10.3 5.4 2.0 CF90610.2 3.1 1.6

TABLE 5 23–27° C. Data Time Point Lot THb (g/dL) % O₂Hb % MetHb 0 TimeCF903 10.1 2.6 2.6 CF905 10.0 2.6 2.0 CF906 10.0 3.8 4.2 3 mo. CF90310.2 4.8 2.6 CF905 10.2 3.5 2.4 CF906 10.0 4.3 2.7 6 mo. CF903 10.3 3.73.7 CF905 10.1 3.7 2.7 CF906 10.0 3.3 3.7

Example 2

In a test similar to Example 1, the hemoglobin solution was packaged ina multi-layer film having an oxygen barrier of a PVDC-EVA composite.This multilayer film includes the following layers in the followingorder: (1) a product contact layer made of EVA, (2) an EVA a tie layerhaving a different blend of EVA from the product contact layer, (3) abarrier layer made of PVDC-EVA composite, (4) an EVA tie layer, and (5)an outside layer of Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). The second throughthe fifth layers was co-extruded. The first layer was laminated onto thesecond through fifth layers to form the multi-layer film used in thisexample.

Units were prepared and tested as in Example 1 except the bags werefabricated from the barrier film described in this Example. Table 6 isthe results of testing at 2–8° C. and Table 7 is the results at 23–28°C.

TABLE 6 2–8° C. Data Time Lot THb (g/dL) % O₂Hb % MetHb  0 Time CE9019.9 3.6 2.2 CE902 10.0 4.0 2.2 CD904 10.0 2.9 2.1  3 mo. CE901 10.0 4.41.8 CE902 10.1 3.1 1.5 CD904 10.1 3.7 1.8  6 mo. CE901 10.1 3.5 1.7CE902 10.0 3.6 1.5 CD904 10.0 4.3 1.4  9 mo. CE901 10.0 4.1 1.8 CE90210.0 3.6 1.4 CD904 10.2 3.5 2.7 12 mo. CE901 10.1 3.0 1.6 CE902 10.2 3.11.3 CE901 9.9 2.7 1.7 15 mo. CE901 10.0 3.3 2.4 CE902 10.0 3.1 1.7 CD90410.1 3.4 2.4 18 mo. CE901 10.1 3.4 1.6 CE902 10.1 3.6 1.3 CD904 10.1 4.32.1

TABLE 7 23–27° C. Data Time Point Lot THb (g/dL) % O₂Hb % MetHb 0 TimeCE901 9.9 3.6 2.2 CE902 10.0 4.0 2.2 CD904 10.0 2.9 2.1 3 mo. CE901 10.13.4 2.8 CE902 10.1 1.9 2.8 CD904 10.2 3.8 3.5 6 mo. CE901 10.1 3.5 4.0CE902 10.2 3.4 5.0 CD904 10.0 3.4 3.7

Example 3

The effects of ascorbic acid on oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin levelsand tetramer elaboration were measured over time. Partially formulatedunits of the stroma free, polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin solutionwere essentially prepared as described in WO 97/35893. Glycine anddextrose were added at 1.75 and 5.0 g/L, respectively. No ascorbic acidwas added.

For testing at recommended storage conditions (2–8° C.), units werepacked in one liter bags fabricated from the barrier film described inExample 2. Two weeks following packaging, units were doped with 0.45Mascorbic acid to the desired concentration through a 0.2 μm filter usingaseptic techniques, mixed thoroughly by hand and stored at 2–8° C. Uponthe addition of ascorbic acid (T=0 days) and at intervals thereaftermeasurements of oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin were determined using aIL 482 CO-Oximeter according to the direction of the manufacturer(Tables 8 and 9). Samples were diluted, hemolyzed and brought toconstant temperature prior to measurement. In addition, at T=0 and atthe various intervals described in Table 10, ascorbic acid levels weredetermined by HPLC using an HP1100 Chemstation (Hewlett-Packard). Inthese same samples, tetramer elaboration was measured as % 64 kDtetramer by HPLC (Table 11).

Units packaged for highly stressed storage conditions were placed in 1gallon jars purged with nitrogen gas and sealed with TEFLON® PTFE linedclosures. Glass jars were used to eliminate the effects of oxygenpermeation of the flexible container at high temperatures. Each jar alsocontained oxygen-absorbing packets to remove any residual atmosphericoxygen from the purge and seal procedure. At the time of filling of thejars, ascorbic acid at the desired concentrations was added.

TABLE 8 Methemoglobin concentration (% MetHb) at 2–8° C. with varyingstarting ascorbic acid (A.A.) concentrations Sample # 0 3 7 14 (A.A.conc.) days days days days 27 days 55 days 182 days 1 (0 g/L) 3.6 5.06.2 9.1 11.1 15.6 27.0 2 (0.25 g/L) 5.0 5.5 5.8 3.9 3.6 4.1 11.8 3 (0.5g/L) 4.8 5.6 3.4 3.0 3.2 4.0 5.0 4 (0.75 g/L) 4.7 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.8 3.23.6 5 (1.0 g/L) 4.4 4.0 3.4 2.8 2.6 3.0 4.2

TABLE 9 Oxyhemoglobin concentration (% O₂Hb) at 2–8° C. with varyingstarting ascorbic acid (A.A.) concentrations Sample # 0 3 7 14 (A.A.conc.) days days days days 27 days 55 days 182 days 1 (0 g/L) 12.6 12.612.2 11.6 17.1* 10.2 10.7 2 (0.25 g/L) 13.0 6.7 3.6 3.3 3.6 3.2 7.5 3(0.5 g/L) 13.2 3.9 3.0 3.6 3.6 3.2 5.2 4 (0.75 g/L) 13.0 3.2 4.0 3.7 3.33.4 4.0 5 (1.0 g/L) 12.8 3.2 3.0 2.6 2.9 2.9 3.6 *This data point wasconsidered erroneous based on the results of other time points and wasnot used in data analysis.

TABLE 10 Ascorbic Acid concentration (g/L) at 2–8° C. with varyingstarting ascorbic acid (A.A.) concentrations Sample # 0 3 7 (A.A. conc.)days days days 14 days 27 days 55 days 182 days 1 (0 g/L) 0 0 0 0 0 0 02 (0.25 g/L) 0.260 0.191 0.152 0.130 0.147 0.123 0 3 (0.5 g/L) 0.5050.371 0.350 0.379 0.364 0.322 0.168 4 (0.75 g/L) 0.745 0.644 0.557 0.5960.579 0.584 0.456 5 (1.0 g/L) 1.036 0.898 0.856 0.877 0.875 0.860 0.615

TABLE 11 Tetramer concentration (% Tetramer) at 2–8° C. with varyingstarting ascorbic acid (A.A.) concentrations Sample # 0 3 7 (A.A. conc.)days days days 14 days 27 days 55 days 182 days 1 (0 g/L) 0.366 0.4140.464 0.556 0.685 0.861 1.42 2 (0.25 g/L) 0.372 0.440 0.463 0.512 0.5440.625 0.904 3 (0.5 g/L) 0.376 0.428 0.450 0.487 0.527 0.596 0.800 4(0.75 g/L) 0.376 0.424 0.440 0.486 0.521 0.582 0.760 5 (1.0 g/L) 0.3660.424 0.451 0.478 0.511 0.584 0.733

Similar measurements (except for ascorbic acid) were taken for samplespackaged for highly stressed conditions (glass jars) and stored at 40°C. Similar trends for % MetHb, % O2, and % Tetramer were identified.

Example 4

The effects of glycine and dextrose on the hemoglobin solution werestudied to determine the optimum concentrations of these additives forlong-term solution stability. Stroma-free, polymerized, pyridoxylatedhemoglobin was essentially prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No.6,498,141. Ascorbic acid was added at 0.8–1.1 g/L. In batch NA803, nosodium lactate was added and pH was adjusted with HCl to 9.12–8.82. Inbatch NF803, the final pH (no adjustment) was 8.38 and sodium lactatewas added. It is not expected that the presence of sodium lactate inbatch NF803 has an effect on the results of this study.

Following formulation, the solution was packaged in one-liter bagsfabricated from the multi-layer film according to Example 2 for thoseunits were tested under recommended storage conditions, or in glass jarsas described in Example 3 for testing at highly stressed storageconditions. Units were spiked with additives as indicated in thefollowing Tables 12–14, mixed thoroughly. Measurements were conducted asdescribed in Example 1.

Table 12 shows that glycine and dextrose have a minor stabilizing effecton % MetHb concentration after eight weeks with samples stored underrecommended conditions (2–8° C.). Similar results (not shown) wereobtained when samples with glycine and dextrose (separately) weresubjected to stressed conditions, but no significant difference wasobserved when under such conditions with an increase of glycineconcentration from 1.75 g/L to 3.5 g/L.

TABLE 12 % MetHb Levels Batch NA803 (2–8°) Sample Time (wks.) % MetHb NoAdditives 0 4.0 1.75 g/L Glycine 8 3.4 5.00 g/L Dextrose 8 3.7 NoAdditives 8 4.7

Table 13 shows that glycine had a stabilizing effect on the aggregationof high molecular weight polymers (polymers having over 5 tetramerunits; 320+Kd) under stressed conditions. Further data (not shown)indicates that the stabilizing effect increases with dose escalationfrom 1.75 g/L to 3.5 g/L. However, dextrose had an opposite effect.

TABLE 13 Molecular Weight Distribution Batch NA803 (40° C.) Stressed %Polymer Species Sample Time (wks.) 128K 192K 256K 320 + K 1.75 g/L 023.6 28.2 47.2 0 Glycine 4 22.2 23.7 17.6 33.9 8 21.2 22.3 18.2 35.35.00 g/L 0 23.6 28.2 47.2 0 Dextrose 4 20.8 21.9 17.8 37.1 8 29.8 15.712.6 39.1 No Additive 0 23.6 28.2 47.2 0 4 21.9 23.2 17.3 35.1 8 20.921.7 17.6 37.0

It was determined that changes in the pH within the range of 7.9 to 9.0had pH had no effect on methemoglobin formation, tetramer levels ormolecular weight distribution under highly stressed storage conditions.

Table 14 suggests a slight increase in tetramer elaboration associatedwith glycine under highly stressed storage conditions and that theelaboration increases with dose escalation from 1.75 g/L to 3.5 g/L.

TABLE 14 % Tetramer as a Function of Glycine or Dextrose Batch NF803(40° C.) Sample T = 0 T = 8 wks. No additive 0.2 1.9 Glycine (1.75 g/L)0.2 2.0 Glycine (3.50 g/L) 0.2 2.5 Dextrose (2.5 g/L) 0.2 1.7 Dextrose(5.0 g/L) 0.2 2.0

Example 5

The optimization of combinations of glycine and dextrose was determinedfor experimental units packaged for highly stressed conditions (glassjars, see example 3). Table 15 shows the formulation additives for twosamples otherwise prepared as described for Example 3. In this study,one sample was formulated to minimize tetramer elaboration and onesample was formulated to minimize high molecular weight polymeraggregation.

TABLE 15 Batch NF803 Sample Dextrose (g/L) Glycine (g/L) PH MinimumTetramer 2.50 3.50 8.4–8.6 Elaboration Minimum High 0 5.00 8.4–8.6 M.W.Aggregation

Table 16 shows that the Minimum High M.W. sample (glycine only) had alower % MetHb at all times than the Minimum Tetramer Elaboration sample.

TABLE 16 % MetHb Over Time: NF803 Sample Time = 0 T = 2 wks. T = 4 wks.T = 8 wks. Minimum 3.5 2.1 2.3 4.5 Tetramer Elab. Min. High M.W. 2.4 1.91.7 3.1 Aggregation

Data from Table 17 indicates that the Minimum Tetramer Elaborationsample (dextrose and glycine) had a lower % tetramer elaboration thanthe Minimum High M.W. Aggregation sample

TABLE 17 % Tetramer Over Time: NF803 Bag T = 0 T = 2 wks. T = 4 wks. T =8 wks. Minimum Tetramer 0.2 2.3 1.7 1.9 Elaboration Minimum High 0.2 2.41.8 2.4 M.W. Aggregation

Data from Table 18 suggests that the Minimum High M.W. Aggregationsample (glycine only) has a lower percentage of high M.W. polymerspecies after 8 weeks than the Minimum Tetramer Elaboration sample.

TABLE 18 Molecular Weight Distribution Over Time: NF803 Area % PolymerSpecies Sample Time (wks.) 128K 192K 256K 320 + K Minimum 2 17.5 18.015.8 46.3 Tetramer 4 12.6 18.6 16.1 51.0 Elaboration 8 12.8 17.9 15.352.0 Minimum 2 15.4 18.7 16.4 47.1 High M.W. 4 12.8 18.8 16.4 50.2Aggregation 8 17.8 17.2 14.8 47.8

In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles ofthe present invention can be applied, it should be understood that theillustrated embodiments are exemplary only, and should not be taken aslimiting the scope of the present invention. For example, the steps ofthe flow diagrams may be taken in sequences other than those described,and more or fewer elements may be used in the block diagrams.

The claims should not be read as limited to the described order orelements unless stated to that effect. Therefore, all embodiments thatcome within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalentsthereto are claimed as the invention.

1. A packaged hemoglobin solution comprising a polymerized hemoglobinsolution having an oxyhemoglobin concentration of less than about 15%sealed within a flexible container comprising a polymer film having anoxygen permeability of about 0.05 to about 0.17 cc/m² per 24 hours peratmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidity of about60%.
 2. The hemoglobin solution of claim 1 having a methemoglobinconcentration of less than 8% for at least one year at about 5° C. andan external relative humidity of about 60%.
 3. The hemoglobin solutionof claim 1 wherein the solution comprises a cross-linked, polymerized,pyridoxylated hemoglobin.
 4. The hemoglobin solution of claim 1 whereinthe polymer film has a water vapor transmission rate of less than about1.18 g/m² per 24 hours at about 5° C. and an external relative humidityof about 60%.
 5. The hemoglobin solution of claim 1 further comprisingascorbic acid in a concentration of about 0.2 to about 1.0 g/L.
 6. Thehemoglobin solution of claim 1 further comprising glycine in aconcentration of about 1.0 to 3.5 g/L.
 7. The hemoglobin solution ofclaim 1 wherein said polymer film comprises an oxygen barrier layer. 8.The hemoglobin solution of claim 7 wherein said oxygen barrier layercomprises ethylene vinyl alcohol.
 9. The hemoglobin solution of claim 1wherein said polymer film comprises at least one polyolefin layer. 10.The hemoglobin solution of claim 9 wherein said at least one polyolefinlayer comprises medium density polyethylene.
 11. The hemoglobin solutionof claim 9 wherein said at least one polyolefin layer and said oxygenbarrier layer are co-extruded.
 12. The hemoglobin solution of claim 9wherein the polyolefin layer comprises linear low density polyethylene.13. A packaged polymerized pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution comprising:a polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin solution having an oxyhemoglobinconcentration of less than about 15% sealed within a flexible polymericcontainer comprising an oxygen barrier film having at least one layer,wherein said barrier film maintains the methemoglobin concentration ofthe solution below about 8.0% for at least one year at about 5° C. 14.The hemoglobin solution of claim 13 where the solution is across-linked, polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobin.
 15. The hemoglobinsolution of claim 13 further comprising an oxygen scavenger selectedfrom the group consisting of ascorbic acid, and glycine.
 16. Thehemoglobin solution of claim 13 wherein the oxygen barrier layercomprises Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC).
 17. A method of preparing adeoxygenated hemoglobin solution comprising sealing a polymerizedhemoglobin solution within a flexible container comprising a polymerfilm having an oxygen permeability of about 0.05 to about 0.17 cc/m² per24 hours per atmosphere at about 5° C. and an external relative humidityof about 60%, wherein the hemoglobin solution comprises at least oneoxygen scavenger which reduces O₂.
 18. The method of claim 17 whereinthe oxygen scavenger is selected from the group consisting of ascorbicacid, dextrose and glycine.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein theoxygen scavenger is ascorbic acid in a concentration of about 0.2 to 1.0g/L.
 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the oxygen scavenger is glycinein a concentration of about 1.0 to 3.5 g/L.
 21. A packaged hemoglobinsolution with a methemoglobin concentration of less than about 8.0% forat least one year comprising a polymerized, pyridoxylated hemoglobinsolution comprising an oxygen scavenger, wherein the solution has anoxyhemoglobin concentration of less than about 15% and is sealed withina flexible container comprising an oxygen barrier film having an oxygenpermeability of about 0.05 to about 0.17 cc/m² per 24 hours peratmosphere at about 25° C. and an external relative humidity of about60%.
 22. The hemoglobin solution of claim 21 wherein the oxygen barrierfilm is a multilayer film comprising an oxygen barrier layer comprisingethylene vinyl alcohol or PVDC.
 23. The hemoglobin solution of claim 22wherein the oxygen barrier film further comprises an inert productcontact layer which is a polyolefin.
 24. The solution of claim 21wherein the oxygen scavenger is selected from the group consisting ofascorbic acid, dextrose and glycine.
 25. The solution of claim 24wherein the oxygen scavenger is ascorbic acid in a concentration ofabout 0.2 to 1.0 g/L.
 26. The solution of claim 24 wherein the oxygenscavenger is glycine acid in a concentration of about 1.0 to 3.5 g/L.27. A packaged hemoglobin solution comprising: an oxygen-free,polymerized hemoglobin solution sealed with a flexible containercomprising a polymer film having an oxygen permeability of about 0.05 toabout 0.17 cc/m² per 24 hours per atmosphere at about 5° C. and anexternal relative humidity of about 60%.